VOWELS AND CONSONANTS
PRONOUNCIATION PRACTICE
Lecturer : Dini Fitriani, M.Pd
Arranged by :
Abdul Thalib : 2015.810.0020
Lia Agustina : 2015.810.0158
M. Lutfi Zulfikar : 2015.810.0336
Mikdad : 2015.810.0146
Ririn Sumiatun : 2015.810.0247
Siti Rohmah : 2015.810.0252
ENGLISH EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM
TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTE
STKIP KUSUMA NEGARA - JAKARTA
2015
PREFACE
Alhamdulillaahirobbil ‘aalamiin, praise is merely to the Almighty Allah SWT for the gracious
mercy and tremendeous blessing that enables us to accomplish this paper. Thanks to Him for
helping and giving us chance to finish this assignment timely. Sholawat and salam are always delivered for the Sublimest,
the Biggest Prophet Muhammad SAW, who has brought us from the darkness to the
lightness, the world that full of knowledges.
This assignment is one
of English task in English Educational Program at STKIP Kusumanegara Jakarta of
Pronounciation Practise Lesson. We would like to say thank you to Mrs. Dini
Fitriani, M.Pd as the lecturer that always teaches us and gives much knowledge
about Pronounciation Practice.
Hopefully, this
paper can help the readers to expand their knowledge about English Pronounciation,
especially about “Vowels and Consonants”. And we also hope, we as a
students of STKIP Kusumanegara can work more professional by using English as
the second language whatever we done.
The last, writers
wish to express his deep and sincere gratitude for those who have helped in
completing this paper morality and materiality. We realized that this assignment
is not perfect. But we hope it can be useful for us, especially for the
students of STKIP Kusumanegara Jakarta. Critics and suggestion is needed here
to make this assignment be better.
Jakarta, January 2016
The Writers
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE ………………………………….…………………………………………. i
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………………….. ii
CHAPTER I PROLOGUE …………………………………………………….. 1
A. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY ……...…………………….. 1
B. STATEMENTS OF THE PROBLEM …………….………….. 1
C. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ……………………………… 1
CHAPTER II EXPLANATIONS …………...…………………………………….. 2
A. VOWELS …………………………………..………………… 2
a. Definition of
Vowels ……………………………………..….. 2
b. Kinds of
Vowels ……………...………………...…………… 3
B. CONSONANTS
……………………….………………………… 5
a. Definition of
Consonants ……………….………………….. 5
b. Kinds of
Consonants ……………………..………………… 6
CHAPTER III CONCLUSIONS …………………………………………….………. 10
Conclusions ………………………………………….……………. 10
BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………………….. 11
APPENDIX ……………………………………………….…………………………… 12
CHAPTER I
PROLOGUE
A. BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Language is a mean of communication. It
is something natural that can not be avoid by people. Through communication
people can not only know how to put themselves in life but also know how to
survive in this world in the future.
When we speak or read,
we use sounds. When we read, the sounds are represented by 26 letters of the
alphabet. Associating sounds with letters of the alphabet is called phonics. Each of the 26
alphabet letters represents one or more sounds. A letter's name can also be one
of its sounds. When letter sounds
are put together, they become words.
There are two types of
letters in the alphabet : consonants and
vowels. The basic difference is how the
sound is produced through the mouth. When sounding consonants, air flow is interrupted or limited by
the position of the tongue, teeth or lips. The majority of letters in the
alphabet are consonant letters. Most consonant letters have only one sound and
rarely sound like their name. But when
sounding vowels,
our breath flows freely through the mouth.
B. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
1. What is vowel?
2. What is kinds of vowel?
3. What is consonant?
4. What is kinds of consonant?
C. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To know the definition about vowel.
2. To know the kinds of vowel.
3. To know the definition about consonant.
4. To know the kinds of consonant.
CHAPTER II
EXPLANATION
An alphabet[1] is a standard set of letters (basic written symbols or graphemes) which is used to write
one or more languages based on the general
principle that the letters represent phonemes (basic significant
sounds) of the spoken language. This is in contrast to
other types of writing systems, such as syllabaries (in which each character
represents a syllable) and logographies (in which each character
represents a word, morpheme, or semantic unit).[2]
When we speak or read,
we use sounds. When we read, the sounds are represented by 26 letters of the
alphabet. Associating sounds with letters of the alphabet is called phonics. Each of the 26
alphabet letters represents one or more sounds[3].
A letter's name can also be one of its sounds. When letter sounds are put together, they become words. There are two kinds of sounds in the
English language are: voice vocal (vowel sound) and sound consonants.
A. VOWELS
a. Definition of Vowels
Vowel is 1) a speech sound in which
the mouth is open and the tongue is not touching the top of the mouth, the
teeth, etc; 2) a letter that represents a vowel sound, in English the vowels
are a, e, i, o, and u – compare consonant. Each language has a different vowel
system.[4]
A vowel is a letter of the alphabet (a, e, i, o, u, and
sometimes y) that represents a speech sound created by the relatively free passage of breath
through the larynx and oral cavity. Letters that are not vowels are consonants. The word
“vowel” is come from Latin, means voice.[5]
When sounding vowels,
your breath flows freely through the mouth. In all vowels, the mouth passage is
unobstructed. If it is obstructed at any time during the production of a
speech-sound, the resulting sound will be a consonant.[6]
"How many different vowels does English have? Well, it depends
on your dialect. Standard
American English makes fewer
vowel distinctions than Standard
Southern British English. For instance, many
Southern British English speakers make a three-way distinction between merry, marry, and Mary, whereas for
most Americans these all sound the same. Likewise, I pronounce cot and caught, and coral and choral, differently,
but for most Americans these word pairs are spoken identically. In my accent of English, each of the following words is spoken with a
different vowel: pit, pet, pat, putt, put, pot, peat, pa,
bought, boot, pate, bite, quoit, pout. That's fourteen different
vowels. Some English accents use fewer than this, and a few dialects use even
more. English, of whatever dialect, is rather extravagant in the vowels it
uses. Keeping them all separate is helped considerably by using different
features of the possibilities afforded." [7]
b. Kinds of Vowels
Five of the 26
alphabet letters are vowels: A, E, I, O, and U. The letter Y is sometimes considered a sixth vowel because it
can sound like other vowels. Unlike consonants, each of the vowel letters has
more than one type of sound or can even be silent with no sound at all. When a vowel sounds like its name, this is called a long sound. A vowel letter can also have short sounds.
Whether a vowel has a long sound, a short sound, or remains silent, depends on
its position in a word and the letters around it. The
letter Y is sometimes considered a vowel because it can sound
like the vowel letters A, E, or I depending on
the letters around it or whether the letter Y is at the middle
or end of a word. For example : symbol, cry, myth, etc.
Because of that thing, the letter Y is called by a half a vowel.
Vowel Rules : [8]
1) When there is only one vowel in a word,
and it is anywhere except at the end of a word, it usually has a short sound
: net, ant, sun, pins etc.
2) Where there is only one vowel and it
comes at the end of a word, it usually has a long sound : go, she, he, no, etc.
3) When there are two or more vowels, and
the word ends with the vowel ‘E’, two things happen, (1) The ending vowel ‘E’
is silent, and (2) The vowel that comes before it has a long sound : gate,
make, lake, hole, wade, etc.
4) When two vowel letters are together, the
first vowel letter has a long sound, and the second vowel letter is silent
: rain, pain, real, cheat, seal, tied, etc.
5) When a word has a vowel followed by two
same consonants in a row (called a double consonant), a short sound is used for
the vowel : pull, dull, dinner, simmer, summer, etc.
6) When a word has two of the same vowels in
a row (called a double vowel), pronounce them as one vowel using the long
sound. This rule is doesn’t apply when ‘O’ is the double vowel : peek, seek, vacuum,
greet, meet, etc.
7) When ‘O’ is a double vowel, it makes
different sound : book, pool, fool, tool, door, etc.
Sound has 20 symbols vowel sound which is
divided into two forms, including Monophthong Sound (Single Sound) or one voice
:
|
No
|
Symbol
|
Word
|
Meaning
|
No
|
Symbol
|
Word
|
Meaning
|
|
1
|
/ æ /
|
Happy
|
Bahagia
|
11
|
/ u: /
|
Soon
|
Segera
|
|
2
|
/ e /
|
Send
|
Mengirim
|
12
|
/ ʊ /
|
Put
|
Meletakkan
|
|
3
|
/ ɔ /
|
Call
|
Memanggil
|
13
|
/ eɪ /
|
Shake
|
Berjabat
|
|
4
|
/ ɒ /
|
Mop
|
Mengepel
|
14
|
/ aɪ /
|
Shine
|
Bersinar
|
|
5
|
/ a: /
|
Park
|
Memarkir
|
15
|
/ ɔɪ /
|
Joy
|
Kenikmatan
|
|
6
|
/ ʌ /
|
Shut up
|
Diam
|
16
|
/ ɪə /
|
Hear
|
Mendengar
|
|
7
|
/ ɜː /
|
Hurt
|
Menyakiti
|
17
|
/ eə /
|
Care
|
Peduli
|
|
8
|
/ ə /
|
Ago
|
Dahulu
|
18
|
/ ʊə /
|
Tour
|
Bepergian
|
|
9
|
/
i: /
|
Read
|
Membaca
|
19
|
/
au /
|
Town
|
Kota
|
|
10
|
/ ɪ
/
|
Hit
|
Memukul
|
20
|
/ əʊ /
|
Phone
|
Menelpon
|
The classifcation of
vowels is based on four major aspects: [9]
1.
Tongue height - according to the vertical
position of the tongue (high vowels, also referred to as close; low vowels,
also referred to as open; intermediate - close-mid and open-mid)
2.
Frontness vs. backness of the tongue -
according to the horizontal position of the highest part of the tongue.
3.
Lip rounding - whether the lips are
rounded (O-shape) or spread (no rounding) when the sound is being made.
4.
Tenseness of the articulators - refers to
the amount of muscular tension around the mouth when creating vowel sounds.
Tense and lax are used to describe muscular tension.
|
|
Front vowels
(tongue body is pushed forward) |
Central vowels
(tongue body is neutral) |
Back vowels
(tongue body is pulled back) |
|
High/close vowels
(tongue body is raised) |
/
/ see
/ / sit |
/
/ boot
/ / book |
|
|
Mid vowels
(tongue body is intermediate) |
/e/ bait*
/ / bet |
/
/ sofa**
/
/ bird
|
/o/ boat*
/ / bought*** |
|
Low/open vowels
(tongue body is lowered) |
/
/ bat
|
/
/ under**
|
/
/ father, /
/ sock(BrE)
|
*In
some American accents (especially Californian English), vowel sounds in words
such as bait, gate, pane and boat, coat, note are not consider diphthongs.
American phonologists often class them as tense monophthongs (/e/ and
/o/).
**/ / is used in unstressed syllables, while / / is in stressed syllables. The vowel / / used to be a back vowel, and the symbol was chosen for this reason. This is no longer a back vowel, but a central one.
***A considerable amount of Americans don't have the deep / / in their vocabulary, they pronouce bought, ball, law with the deep / / sound.
**/ / is used in unstressed syllables, while / / is in stressed syllables. The vowel / / used to be a back vowel, and the symbol was chosen for this reason. This is no longer a back vowel, but a central one.
***A considerable amount of Americans don't have the deep / / in their vocabulary, they pronouce bought, ball, law with the deep / / sound.
According to the position of the lips:
- English front and central vowels are always unrounded.
- English back vowels / /, / , /o/, / / are rounded (/ / vowel is unrounded).
Vowel Tenseness:
- Tense vowels (produced with a great amount of muscular tension): / /, / /, / /, / /, / /. Tense vowels are variable in length, and often longer than lax vowels.
- Lax vowels (produced with very little muscular tension): / /, / /, / /, / /, / /, / /, / /. Lax vowels are always short.
B. CONSONANTS
a. Definition of Consonants
Consonant is 1) a speech sound made by
completely or partly stopping the flow of air being breath out through the
mouth; 2) a letter of the alphabet that represents a consonant sound, for
example ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’, ‘f’, etc. – compare vowel.[10]
The word consonant is come from Latin, means “agree” and “sound”.
A consonant is a speech sound that's not a vowel. The sound of a consonant is produced by a partial or
complete obstruction of the air stream by a constriction of the speech
organs.In writing, a consonant is any letter of the alphabet except a, e, i, o, u, and
sometimes y. When two or more consonant
sounds are pronounced in succession without an intervening vowel (as in the
words dream and bursts), the group
is called a consonant blend or consonant cluster. [11]
In a consonant blend, the sound of each
individual letter can be heard. By contrast, in a consonant digraph (as in the word phone), two
successive letters represent a single sound.
b. Kinds of Consonants
“There are 21 consonant letters
in the written alphabet (B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W,
X, Y, Z), and there are 24 consonant sounds in most English accents. . . . Because of the erratic history of English spelling, there is no neat one-to-one correlation between letters and
sounds."[12]
Classifying the Consonants Sounds of English
According to the Manner and Place of Articulation. According to the manner
of articulation (how the breath is used) the consonants are: stops,
also known as plosives, fricatives, affricates, nasals, laterals, and approximants.
Nasals, laterals and approximants are always voiced; stops, fricatives and affricates can
be voiced or unvoiced.
|
Stops
/Plosives/ |
During production of these sounds, the airflow from the lungs is
completely blocked at some point, then released. In English, they are /p/,
/b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, and /g/.
|
|
Fricatives
|
The flow of air is constricted, but not totally stopped or
blocked. In English, these include /f/, /v/, /
/, /
/,
/s/, /z/, / /, / /, and /h/. |
|
Affricates
|
These sounds begin like stops, with a complete blockage of
air/closure of the vocal tract, and end with a restricted flow of air like
fricatives. English has two affricates - the /
/ sounds of "church" and the /
/ of "judge".
|
|
Nasals
|
Nasals are sounds made with air passing through the nose. In
English, these are /m/, /n/, and /
/.
|
|
Laterals
|
Lateral consonants allow the air to escape at the sides of the
tongue. In English there is only one such sound - /l/
|
|
Approximants
|
In the production of an approximant, one articulator is close to
another, but the vocal tract is not narrowed to such an extent that a
turbulent airstream is produced. In English, these are /j/, /w/ and /r/.
Approximants /j/ and /w/ are also referred to as semi-vowels.
|
Consonant Sound has 24 sound symbol that
is divided into six forms of sound, among others :
a. Stops
Sound produced by holding the flow /
airway through the mouth and nose.
|
No
|
Symbol
|
Word
|
Meaning
|
|
1
|
P
|
Pil –
Lip
|
Obat –
Bibir
|
|
2
|
B
|
But –
Tub
|
Tapi –
Bak Mandi
|
|
3
|
T
|
Tea –
Eat
|
Teh –
Makan
|
|
4
|
D
|
Deal –
Lead
|
Setuju
– Bimbing
|
|
5
|
K
|
Kill –
Lick
|
Bunuh –
Jilat
|
|
6
|
G
|
Gas -
Sag
|
Gas -
Kelonggaran
|
b. Fricatives
The sound is produced by blowing air
melalaui narrow space formed by the lips, teeth, tongue,
|
No
|
Symbol
|
Word
|
Meaning
|
|
1
|
/ f /
|
Feel –
Leaf
|
Merasa
– Daun
|
|
2
|
/ v /
|
Vile –
Live
|
Busuk –
ks. Yg hidup
|
|
3
|
/ Θ /
|
Theme –
Myth
|
Tema –
Mitos
|
|
4
|
/ Ð /
|
This –
With
|
Ini –
Dengan
|
|
5
|
/ s /
|
Safe –
Face
|
Aman –
Wajah
|
|
6
|
/ z /
|
Zone –
Nose
|
Kawasan
– Hidung
|
|
7
|
/ ʃ /
|
Shall –
Lash
|
Akan –
Cambukan
|
|
8
|
/ ʒ /
|
Vision
|
Penglihatan
|
c. Nasals
Sound produced by stopping the airflow through
the mouth with the lips, tongue, base of the tongue so that the air will pass
through the nose
|
No
|
Symbol
|
Word
|
Meaning
|
|
1
|
/ m /
|
Meat –
Team
|
Daging
– Regu
|
|
2
|
/ n /
|
Name –
Main
|
Nama –
Pokok
|
|
3
|
/ ŋ /
|
Sing -
Sink
|
Nyanyi
– Tenggelam
|
d. Glides
/j/ sound produced by movement of the
tongue /w/ sound produced by wrapping her lips then open and /h/ sound produced
by making air pressure of the throat.
|
No
|
Symbol
|
Word
|
Meaning
|
|
1
|
/ w /
|
Wait
|
Menunggu
|
|
2
|
/ h /
|
Hold
|
Memegang
|
|
3
|
/ j /
|
Use
|
Menggunakan
|
e. Liquid
Sound produced by letting the air out
past the side of the tongue and put the tip into the mouth
|
No
|
Symbol
|
Word
|
Meaning
|
|
1
|
/ L /
|
Let –
Tell
|
Biar –
Bercerita
|
|
2
|
/ r /
|
Read
|
Membaca
|
f. Affricates
Sound produced by gluing leaves the
tongue to the hard palate, against the upper teeth.
|
No
|
Symbol
|
Word
|
Meaning
|
|
1
|
/ tʃ /
|
Cheat – teach
|
Contek – Mengajar
|
|
2
|
/ dʒ /
|
Geep – Page
|
Mobil Jip – Halaman Buku
|
According to the place of articulation (where in the
mouth or throat the sound is produced) the consonants are:
|
Bilabial : with both lips
|
/p/, /b/, /m/
|
|
Labiodental : between lower lip and upper teeth
|
/f/, /v/
|
|
Dental/Interdental
:
between the teeth
|
/
/, /
/
|
|
Alveolar : the ridge behind the
upper front teeth
|
/t/, /d/, /s/,
/z/, /n/, /l/, /r/
|
|
Alveo-palatal (or
post-alveolar) : it is the area between
the alveolar ridge and the hard palate |
/
/, /
/, /
/, /
/
|
|
Palatal : hard palate, or 'roof'
of the mouth'
|
/j/
|
|
Velar : the soft palate or
velum
|
/k/, /g/, /
/
|
|
Glottal
(laryngeal) : space between the vocal cords
|
/h/
|
Certain combinations of two or more consonant letters are called letter
blends.[13]
Letter blends appear in the beginning or at the end of words to create specific
sounds. In letter blends you can hear the sound of each letter. If the letters
make a single sound they are called digraphs. Additionally, we have added other
common letter combinations that include vowels :
1)
able : fable, cable, stable
2)
augh : thought, caught,
daughter
3)
bl : blocks, blue, black, blend
4)
br : bread, bracket, Britain
5)
ch : cherry, beach, pitch
6)
ci : cinnamon, Cinderella, circle
7)
cial : special, official, facial
8)
cian : electrician,
magician, pediatrician
9)
ck : check, wreck, tickle
10)
cl : class, clock, clarinet
11)
cr : crown, creek, cradle
12)
ct : select, protect, direct
13)
dge : badge, dodge, ledge
14)
dis : disco, discover, disappoint
15)
dr : drink, drumband, drowning
16)
dw : dwarf, dwelling, dwindle
17)
ed : cried, rented, dented, scraped
18)
ex : extract, exstinct, extra
19)
fl : fly, flower, flow
20)
fr : friend, frog, frozen, fried
21)
ft : draft, left, lift, bereft
22)
ful : successful, harmful, grateful
23)
gh : laugh, ghost, ghoul, ghastly
24)
gl : glue, igloo, triangle
25)
gr : grass, grow, green, regret
26)
in : win, pin, sin, window, inchworm
27)
ing : sing, swing, running, bring
28)
ious : gorgious, serious, dangerous
29)
kn : knigt, knit, know
30)
ld : fold, told, gold, old
31)
le : letter, little, middle
32)
lf : self, shelf, elf
33)
lk : chalk, talk, walk, milk, silk
34)
lm : calm, palm, helm
35)
lp : scalp, help, kelp, yelp
36)
lt : bolt, melt, belt,
37)
ly : happily, friendly, sickly
38)
ment :tenement, engagement,
ornament
39)
mis : chemist, mistletoe, mistake
40)
mp : dump, bump, empty, prompt
41)
nce : fence, prince, wince
42)
nch : bench, pinch, wrench
43)
nd : ends, mend, bend
44)
ng : ring, song, wing, swing
45)
nk : sink, stink, trunk
46)
nse : rinse, tense, immense, incense
47)
nt : cent, scent, parents
48)
ough : dough, bought, fought, thought
49)
over : overpass, overlook, overwork
50)
ph : phone, elephant, alphabet
51)
pl : play, plate, plough
52)
pr : pray, prompt, pretzel, prism
53)
psy : psyco, psychedelic, psychistrist
54)
pt : attempt, contempt, rapture
55)
re : read, reflection, realize
56)
sc : screwdriver, scout, scream
57)
sh : shy, shine, shout
58)
shr : shred, shrew, shrimp
59)
sk : skin, skunk, mask, task
60)
sl : slim, slow, sled, hassle
61)
sm : smash, smooth, small
62)
sn : sniper, snow, snake, snail
63)
sp : sport, spin, spider
64)
spr : spring, sprout, sprinkle, spray
65)
st : start, stay, steal, stop
66)
str : strawbery, string, stream,
67)
sw : swim, swear, sword, sweep
68)
tch : watch, witch, stretch, pitch
69)
th : thousand, thirsty, father, tooth
70)
thr : throat, thread, throw, three
71)
tien : quotient, patient, impatient
72)
tion : information, caution, nation
73)
tr : try, true, trouble, tray
74)
ture : adventure, lecture, picture
75)
tw : two, twenty, twin, tweezers, twist
76)
un : under, thunder, run, fun
77)
wh : where, why, what, who, when
78)
wr : write, wrong, wrench, wrinkled
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
Conclusion
"It is a consonant sound.
Therefore, B is a consonant letter, the first in alphabetical
sequence of our 21. If asked at a dinner party to define the word 'consonant,'
someone might venture, 'Well, I know it's not a vowel . . .' and that actually
is the best starting point. Whereas vowels are pronounced from the vocal cords
with minimal shaping of expelled breath, consonant sounds are created through
obstruction or channeling of the breath by the lips, teeth, tongue, throat, or
nasal passage, variously combined. Some consonants, like B, involve the vocal
cords; others don't. Some, like R or W, flow the breath in a way that steers
them relatively close to being vowels." [14]
Vowels and consonants are two
kinds of alphabet. The names of a vowels are a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes y (a
half of vowel). There is a vowel in every words. This makes them very
important. A consonant is any letter of the alphabet that is not a vowel. They
are B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T,
V, W, X, Y (a half of consonant) and Z.
Crystal,
David. 2003. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of
the English Language. Cambridge University Press.
Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms (Update September 04, 2015)
Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms (Update September 11, 2015)
Hurford, James
R. 2014. The Origins of Language. Oxford University Press.
Laurence Barber,
Charles. 2000. The English Language: A Historical
Introduction. Cambridge University Press.
Sacks, David. 2003. Letter Perfect.
Broadway Books.
Wehmeier, Sally. 2000. OXFORD Advanced
Learner’s Dictionary of Current English.
APPENDIX :
VOWELS |
||||
|
A
|
E
|
I
|
O
|
U
|
THE RHYMING ALPHABET |
|||||||
|
The following letters rhyme with each other : -
|
|||||||
|
ä sound
|
ë sound
|
e sound
|
ï sound
|
yü sound
|
|||
|
A
|
B
|
F
|
I
|
O
|
Q
|
R
|
Z
|
|
H
|
C
|
L
|
Y
|
U
|
|||
|
J
|
D
|
M
|
W
|
||||
|
K
|
E
|
N
|
|||||
|
G
|
S
|
||||||
|
P
|
X
|
||||||
|
T
|
|||||||
|
V
|
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
THE PHONETIC ALPHABET |
||||||
|
When
spelling (especially over the phone) you can use the phonetic alphabet to
avoid confusion between similar sounding letters - P/B S/F T/D etc :
|
||||||
|
A
|
B
|
|||||
|
C
|
D
|
|||||
|
E
|
F
|
|||||
|
G
|
H
|
|||||
|
I
|
J
|
|||||
|
K
|
L
|
|||||
|
M
|
N
|
|||||
|
O
|
P
|
|||||
|
Q
|
R
|
|||||
|
S
|
T
|
|||||
|
U
|
V
|
|||||
|
W
|
X
|
|||||
|
Y
|
Z
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||
COMMON SYMBOLS |
||||||
|
Symbol
|
Word (common term in brackets)
|
Symbol
|
Word (common term in brackets)
|
|||
|
.
|
€
|
|||||
|
,
|
$
|
|||||
|
?
|
'
|
|||||
|
!
|
~
|
|||||
|
:
|
*
|
|||||
|
;
|
´
|
|||||
|
-
|
`
|
|||||
|
&
|
"
|
|||||
|
/
|
( )
|
left /
right parentheses
|
||||
|
\
|
[]
|
left /
right square bracket
|
||||
|
@
|
{}
|
left /
right brace
|
||||
|
#
|
<
>
|
|||||
|
£
|
|
|
||||
[1] The English word
"alphabet" comes from the Latin word "alphabetum". The
Latin word "alphabetum" came from the first two letters of the Greek
alphabet, "alpha" and "beta".
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet
[4] Sally Wehmeier, 2000,OXFORD Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of
Current English, p. 1.450.
[6] Charles Laurence Barber, The English Language: A Historical Introduction.
Cambridge University Press, 2000
[10] Sally Wehmeier, 2000, OXFORD Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of
Current English, p. 263.
[12] David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language.
Cambridge University Press, 2003
